A Questão dos Universais Segundo a Teoria Tomista da Abstração
Abstract
O artigo pretende mostrar que a teoria da abstração de Tomás de Aquino justifica a consistência das seguintes teses: [i] os universais só existem na mente; [ii] fora da mente só existem os singulares e [iii] que tudo no singular é singularizado. O artigo analisa, então, os modos de abstração tomásica: a abstração do todo (ou a do universal a partir do particular), a abstração da forma da matéria sensível e, ainda, o que alguns tomistas consideram também como um modo de abstração: a abstração precisiva. Finalmente, o artigo contrapõe a interpretação de Cajetano da abstração à teoria de Tomás de Aquino e procura mostrar suas semelhanças e suas diferenças.
Abstract
In this article, I intend to show that Aquinas´s theory of abstraction explains the consistency of the following theses: [a] universals as such exist only in the soul; [b], only particulars (singulars) exist in nature [c] in particulars everything is singularized. I analyze the two modes of abstraction on Aquinas: abstraction of a whole, that is, abstraction of the universal from the particular (abstraction totius) and abstraction of the form from the sensible matter (abstractio formae). Besides that, I consider another operation of the intellect that some thomists also consider as a mode of abstraction, that is, the operation of precision. At the end of the article I analyze Cajetan's theory of abstraction - total and formal abstraction - aiming to show the differences and similitude between this theory and Aquinas´s.
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